Chromosomal End Caps / Telomere Length / Hayflick Limit
Repetitive DNA sequences (TTAGGG repeats in humans) that cap the ends of chromosomes, analogous to the plastic tips on shoelaces. Telomeres shorten with each cell division — acting as a molecular clock. When telomeres reach critically short lengths, cells enter a state of permanent growth arrest (senescence) or undergo apoptosis. Telomere length is considered a biomarker of biological aging. Telomerase, the enzyme that extends telomeres, is active in stem cells and cancer cells but largely inactive in somatic cells. Lifestyle factors (chronic stress, smoking, obesity, poor sleep) accelerate telomere shortening.
Lifestyle interventions with evidence for telomere protection or maintenance: aerobic exercise, stress reduction (mindfulness, yoga), Mediterranean diet, omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamin D, adequate sleep. Dramatic telomere lengthening in healthy adults remains elusive pharmacologically.
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